(Redirected from SX-70)
Overview | |
---|---|
Maker | Polaroid Corporation |
Type | Single-lens reflex |
Lens | |
Lens | 4-element 116 mm f/8 fixed glass[1] |
Sensor/medium | |
Film format | SX-70 |
Film size | 3 1/8' × 3 1/8' |
ASA/ISO range | 160 |
Recording medium | Instant film |
Film advance | Automatic |
Focusing | |
Focus | Manual; Automatic (on Sonar models) |
General | |
Battery | 6 V Polapulse cell inside film pack |
Body composition or special features | glass-filled polysulfone (Model 1) ABS (Models 2 & 3) |
Chronology | |
Production | 1972 to 1981 |
Successor | 600 series, including Polaroid Impulse |
The SX-70 is a folding single lens reflexLand camera which was produced by the Polaroid Corporation from 1972 to 1981.
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History[edit]
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SX-70 Model 2 with film cartridge protruding from the front
SX-70 Sonar One Step
A fully collapsed SX-70
In 1947, Polaroid introduced its first consumer camera. The Land Camera Model 95 was the first camera to use instant film to quickly produce photographs without developing them in a laboratory. The popular Model 95 and subsequent Land Cameras required complex procedures to take and produce good photographs. Photographic paper had to be manually removed from cameras, peeled open after 60 seconds, needed several minutes to dry, and often left developing chemicals on hands. The instructions for the Model 20 Swinger, introduced in 1965, warned that, if not followed, 'you’re headed for plenty of picture taking trouble'.[2]
Pictures from the SX-70, by contrast, ejected automatically and developed quickly (fully within 10 minutes[1]) without chemical residue. Polaroid founder Edwin H. Land announced the SX-70 at a company annual meeting in April 1972. On stage, he took out a folded SX-70 from his suit coat pocket and in ten seconds took five pictures, both actions impossible with previous Land Cameras. The company first sold the SX-70 in Miami, Florida in late 1972, and began selling it nationally in fall 1973. Although the high cost of $180[3] for the camera and $6.90 for each film pack of ten pictures ($1,100 and $42, respectively, adjusted for inflation[4]) limited demand, Polaroid sold 700,000 by mid-1974.[2] In 1973–4, the Skylab 3 and 4 astronauts used an SX-70 to photograph a video display screen to be able to compare the Sun's features from one orbit to the next.[5]
There were a variety of models beginning in 1972 with the original SX-70, though all shared the same basic design. The first model had a plain focusing screen (the user was expected to be able to see the difference between in- and out-of focus) because Dr. Land wanted to encourage photographers to think they were looking at the subject, rather than through a viewfinder. When many users complained that focusing was difficult, especially in dim light, a split-image rangefinder prism was added. This feature is standard on all later manual focus models.[2]
The later Sonar OneStep (introduced in 1978[3]) and SLR 680 models were equipped with a sonar autofocus system. This sonar autofocus system greatly helped the user's ability to focus the camera, especially in dark environments, and could be turned off if manual focus was needed. The Sonar OneStep models were the first autofocus SLRs available to consumers. The later SLR 680/690 models updated the basic design of the Sonar OneStep to more modern standards by incorporating support for newer 600 film cartridges instead of SX-70 cartridges, and a built-in flash instead of the disposable 'Flash Bar'. Today they are the most evolved forms of the SX-70, and are highly sought after by Polaroid enthusiasts[citation needed].
Though expensive, the SX-70 was popular in the 1970s and retains a cult following today.[6] Photographers such as Ansel Adams, Andy Warhol, Helmut Newton, and Walker Evans praised and used the SX-70.[7] Helmut Newton used the camera for fashion shoots.[8] Walker Evans began using the camera in 1973 when he was 70 years old.[9] Not until the $40 Model 1000 OneStep using SX-70 film became the best-selling camera of the 1977 Christmas shopping season, however, did its technology become truly popular.[2] More recently, it was the inspiration for the Belfast alternative band SX-70's name.
Design features[edit]
The SX-70 included many sophisticated design elements. A collapsible SLR required a complex light path for the viewfinder, with three mirrors (including one Fresnel reflector) of unusual, aspheric shapes set at odd angles to create an erect image on the film and an erect aerial image for the viewfinder.[10] Many mechanical parts were precision plastic moldings. The body was made of glass-filled polysulfone, a rigid plastic which was plated with a thin layer of copper-nickel-chromium alloy to give a metallic appearance. Models 2 & 3 used ABS in either Ebony or Ivory color. The film pack contained a flat, 6-volt 'PolaPulse' battery to power the camera electronics, drive motor and flash.[11] The original flash system, a disposable 'Flash Bar' of 10 bulbs (five on each side, with the user rotating the bar half way through) from General Electric,[1] used logic circuits to detect and fire the next unused flash.
Models[edit]
Although a variety of models were offered, all share the same basic design. All SX-70 models feature a folding body design, a 4-element 116 mm f/8 glass lens, and an automatic exposure system. The cameras allow for focusing as close as 10.4 inches (26.4 cm), and have a shutter speed range from 1/175 s to more than 10 seconds. The Model 3 departs from the other models since it isn't a SLR, but instead has the viewfinder cut into the mirror hood.
A whole array of accessories could be utilized with SX-70 cameras, such as a close-up lens (1:1 @ 5 inches), electrical remote shutter release, tripod mount and an Ever-Ready carrying case that hung from the neck and unfolded in concert with the camera.
A lot of the technology used in the folding SX-70 cameras was later used in the production of rigid 'box' type SX-70 cameras, such as the Model 1000 OneStep, Pronto, Presto and The Button. These models, although also utilizing SX-70 film, are very different from the folding SLR SX-70s.
Evolution[edit]
MiNT Camera modified SX-70 into SLR670a (it uses 600 film directly without adding a neutral-density filter) and SLR670m (the only SX-70 with shutter priority mode). New features include the Time Machine add-on (manual shutter speed from 1/2000s to 1s as well as bulb mode) for the SLR670-S and the SLR670m, 600 film (ISO 640) compatibility under the 'Auto 600' mode. The SLR670a allows for additional shutter/brightness control. MiNT also produces flash bars and filter lenses intended for the SX-70.[12]
OpenSX70 is a project to replace the printed circuit board (PCB) on the SX-70 with a modern open-source design based on Arduino. As of February 2019, a working prototype is available with some experimental 3D-printed enclosures. The new PCB also features an LED indicator and an audio jack for firing an external flash.[13]
Film[edit]
Polaroid SX-70 film has a ~3.1 x 3.1 in² (77 x 77 mm) square image area and a ~4.2 x 3.5 in² (108 x 88 mm²) total area.[14] Each film pack holds 10 films. It was introduced in 1972, and was a market success despite some problems with the batteries on early film packs. The original SX-70 film was improved once in the mid-1970s (New Improved Faster Developing!) and replaced in 1980 by the further advanced 'SX-70 Time-Zero Supercolor' product, in which the layers in the film card were altered to allow a much faster development time (hence the 'time zero'). It also had richer, brighter colors than the original 1972 product. There were also professional market varieties of the SX-70 film including 778 (Time Zero equivalent) and the similar 708, Time Zero film without a battery, intended for use in applications such as the 'Face Place' photo booth and professional or laboratory film-backs, where a battery is not needed. Time Zero was the film manufactured up until 2005, though overseas-market and some last run film packs were marked only as SX-70.
A feature of the SX-70 film packs was a built-in battery to power the camera motors and exposure control, ensuring that a charged battery would always be available as long as film was in the camera. The 'Polapulse' battery was configured as a 6 volt thin flat battery, and used zinc chloride chemistry to provide for the high pulse demand of the camera motors.[15] Polaroid later released development kits to allow the Polapulse battery to be used in non-photographic applications. In the 1980s, the company even produced small '600' AM/FM radios that would run on film packs in which the film cards had been exhausted, but the battery still had enough power to be reused.[16][17]
The Polaroid 600 series film, introduced in 1981, has the same film format and cartridge as that of the SX-70 but features a higher film speed at ISO 640.[14] The 2-stop difference in sensitivity can be compensated in an SX-70 by using a ND-filter or through circuit modifications that change the exposure time.[18] MiNT Camera produces modified SX-70s that can take the higher-sensitivity film.
Supply issues[edit]
Polaroid's SX-70 'Time-Zero' film was phased out of production in late 2005 to early 2006 (differing according to regional markets). Small quantities of the film may still be acquired, at a variety of prices given the film's expiration dates, on e-auction sites.[19]
After Polaroid ceased manufacturing instant film in 2008, the Impossible Project (now Polaroid B.V.) began formulating replacements using equipment acquired when the original manufacturing facilities closed. Polaroid produces lines of black and white[6] and color film compatible with the SX-70,[20] though their films use a different chemistry than original Polaroid film and have different characteristics.[21] Polaroid also make film for 600 and newer 'I-Type' cameras.
Image manipulation[edit]
A manipulated photograph of a Chevy Nova
One feature of SX-70 integral print film is its ability to be manipulated while developing, and for some days after. Because the emulsion is gelatin-based, and the Mylar covering does not allow water vapor to readily pass, the emulsion stays soft for several days, allowing people to press and manipulate the emulsion to produce effects somewhat like impressionist paintings. An example of this technique was used on the cover of Peter Gabriel's third self-titled album from 1980. Another example of emulsion manipulation was the cover of Loverboy's debut album, Loverboy.
Greek-American artist Lucas Samaras created a series of self-portraits titled 'Photo-Transformations' (1973-76) which employed extensive use of emulsion manipulation techniques. [22]
The 500, 600, and Spectra/Image materials do not use a gelatin-based emulsion, and cannot be manipulated this way.
Manipulation of the photograph is best done about two minutes after the picture has fully developed. It will stay soft and workable for about 5–15 minutes. Some colors will be more difficult to work on (dark green), whereas others are workable for a long time (red). If the photograph is on a warm surface or slightly warmed in an oven, image manipulation is made easier.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abcBerger, Ivan (March 1973). 'Our dream was to change photography'. Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
- ^ abcdMcCracken, Harry (2011-06-08). 'Polaroid's SX-70: The Art and Science of the Nearly Impossible'. Technologizer. Time. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
- ^ abGustavson, Todd (2009). Camera A history of photography from Daguerreotype to Digital. Sterling Signature. ISBN978-1-4027-5656-6.
- ^Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 'Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–'. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
- ^'Hunt, Curtis 'Quiet' Sun not so Quiet' (September 17, 1973) NASA JSC News Release'(PDF).
- ^ ab'Polaroid instant film is back .. sort of', CNN, SciTechBlog, March 25, 2010
- ^'Seven Famous Photographers Who Used Polaroids'. Smithsonian. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
- ^'Helmut Newton Foundation | helmut-newton.com'. www.helmut-newton.com. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
- ^The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 'Walker Evans [Abandoned House]'. www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
- ^Plummer, William T., 'Unusual optics of the Polaroid SX-70 Land camera', Appl. Opt. 21, 196-208 (1982)
- ^Roger Curry (2 February 2015). 'The Polapulse Battery'. Lateral Science.
- ^Robertso, Justin (2009-03-06). 'Can one man save Polaroid?'. National Post. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^'About OpenSX70'. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
- ^ ab'Polaroid Originals photo dimensions'. Polaroid Originals (Impossible Proj.). Retrieved 19 March 2019.
- ^New Batteries: Flat packs, lead-acid Ds, 150-minute ni-cads, chlorine power, Popular Science October 1973, page 102, Google books preview, Retrieved April 27, 2010
- ^'Polaroid 600 Plus Radio'. Radiomuseum. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
- ^'Polapulse battery' (archived 2009)
- ^'SX70 camera 125ASA to 600ASA conversion'. OpenSX70. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
- ^Ebay. 'Search: Polaroid SX 70 Time Zero Film'. ebay.com. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
- ^Sean O'Hagan (5 April 2010). 'The Polaroid revival'. The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^'About-Production-Starting from scratch'. The Impossible Project. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^'LUCAS SAMARAS: Photo-Transformations'. Brookyln Rail. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polaroid SX-70. |
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polaroid_SX-70&oldid=976493485'
Choose a model to see more information about it. Clicking on a film type will bring you to the specific page for that type. |
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Folding Style |
SX-70(original model) |
Supercolor AutoFocus |
The following technical information is useful for specifics concerning each model. Where appropriate you can click to see more information including photos.
All of these models can take the SX-70/TimeZero integral type films.
Please see this chart to give you a visual comparison between the major 'options' and abilities of each SX-70 model.
If you see this icon, the model was intended for 'Special Markets' distribution (i.e. corporate premiums, prizes, and other non-retail distribution) only.
If you see this icon, the model was sold in International (non-USA) markets only.
ALL Folding SX-70 Cameras have the following features in common:
- 4-element 116mm f/8 glass lens
- Minimum focus: 10.4 inches
- Front-cell focusing via geared wheel at top of lens/shutter housing
- Electronic shutter
- Programmed automatic exposure-- shutter speeds from >10 sec to 1/175; aperture range f/8- f/22; smaller apertures possible when flash is used.
- Auto flash exposure based on focus distance; Max flash distance 20ft.
- Has built-in Flashbar socket for flash. Accessory electronic flashes were also available.
- Socket for an electrically-actuated remote shutter release.
Ktm Sx 70 Manual For Sale
SX-70
'Original Model'
'Original Model'
![Manual Manual](https://cdn.nettimoto.com/live/2353005/KTM-65-ed10340726a29ad2-large.jpg)
Produced: 1972-1977 / Original Retail: $180.00
- SLR (Single-Lens Reflex) viewing and focusing.
- Chrome-plated plastic body with genuine leather covering.
Important Firsts:
- First camera using Polaroid integral print films
- First ever (?) production SLR with a folding body. (Graflex doesn't really count in this respect, as the body itself doesn't actually collapse)
Collector's Note: There are 3 minor variations of this camera: First year production models (10/72 - 10/73) have plain ground glass focusing screen; no focus scale. Later models have split-image rangefinder circle and no focus scale. Still later models have split-image RF circle and focus scale. Apparently, Polaroid also offered a retrofit service to install the split-image finder for owners of the older SX-70's, so it may be possible to encounter an early SX-70 that has the RF circle anyway. In addition, some late-production SX-70's have the same fill-flash feature of the Alpha 1, though this feature may be undocumented in the camera's instruction manual.
The SX-70 was definitely a landmark camera in the history of photography, and, in my opinion, Dr. Edwin Land's masterpiece. Probably the most common folding SX-70 camera, however.
A (very) limited-edition gold-plated version of this camera was also produced. Some other limited-production color combinations may exist of the original SX-70, but beware that some may have been altered by the end-user, and were not produced that way at the factory.
Note: 'SE' (Special Edition) and 'BC' (packaged for K-Mart stores) versions were also produced.
SX-70 Alpha 1
Produced: 1977-19?? / Original Retail: $233.00
Filechute 4 6 download free. Similar to SX-70 (Original Model), except:
- Has 'fill-flash' capability (using Flashbars)
- Has tripod socket and neck strap lugs.
Collector's Note: Early production models are simply labeled 'SX-70 Alpha' with no number. The example of an 'unnumbered' Alpha I've seen has black leather covering rather than tan. Other color variations of this camera may exist-- I've also seen a black-on-black version as well.
A limited-edition gold-tone version of the Alpha 1 exists.
Note: 'SE' (Special Edition) and 'Sears Special' (Sears stores) versions were also produced. There was also a Revue-branded version for sale in Foto-Quelle camera stores in Europe.
SX-70 Alpha 1 Executive
Produced: 1977-19?? / Original Retail: $???.??
Similar to SX-70 Alpha 1.
SX-70 Alpha 1 Model 2
Produced: 1977-19?? / Original Retail: $180.00
Similar to SX-70 Alpha 1, except:
- Black plastic body with brown vinyl ('Porvair') covering.
Ktm Sx 50 Manual 2013
Notes: Might also be known as the 'Alpha 2'
SX-70 Executive
Produced: 1975-1977 / Original Retail: $???.??
Similar to SX-70 (Original Model).
SX-70 Model 2
Produced: 1974-1977 / Original Retail: $149.95
Similar to SX-70 (Original Model), except:
- White plastic body with brown vinyl ('Porvair') covering. A black-on-black version also exists.
Collector's Note: All Model 2's have split-image rangefinder circle. Seems that most have focus scales, but not all. Incidently, the top layer of the 'Porvair' covering on this camera (and the Model 3) appears to become rather 'fragile' with age, and so may be easily scuffed and/or damaged. The vinyl coverings on some Alpha and Sonar models appear to be much more durable by comparison.
The (uncommon) black version of this camera has a pebble-grained vinyl covering similar to that of some Alpha and Sonar models, instead of the usual Porvair.
SX-70 Model 3
Produced: 1975-1978 / Original Retail: $99.95
Similar to SX-70 Model 2, except:
- Plain optical viewfinder; focus by scale only. (NOT an SLR)
- Black plastic body with brown vinyl ('Porvair') covering.
- Flashbar socket has been relocated to the top of the viewfinder (if it were in the same place as on the the other cameras, the Flashbar would be situated directly in front of the viewfinder window).
Notes: This is the only folding SX-70 that is not a single-lens reflex. Even so, the shutter and mirror-flipping mechanisms function exactly the same as in its SLR cousins, even though the added complexity is totally unnecessary in this camera.
Some late-production examples of this camera have neckstrap lugs (as found on the Alpha cameras).
Beholder 2 igg. SX-70 Sonar OneStep
Produced: 1978-19?? / Original Retail: $249.95
![Ktm Ktm](https://i.pinimg.com/736x/00/8f/70/008f706536ab7007931376211cfd7e3e.jpg)
Similar to SX-70 Alpha 1 except:
- Autofocus; uses Polaroid Sonar AF system.
- Has AF 'preview' available before exposure is made.
- Full manual focus is also possible.
- Low-light warning in viewfinder.
Notes: There are several color variations of this camera.
Supercolor AutoFocus
Produced: 19??-19?? / International Markets
Appears to be similar to SX-70 Sonar OneStep (USA model).
TimeZero SX-70 AutoFocus
Produced: 1981-19?? / Original Retail: $279.95
Similar to SX-70 Sonar OneStep.
TimeZero SX-70 AutoFocus Model 2
Produced: 198?-19?? / Original Retail: $???.??
Similar to TimeZero SX-70 AutoFocus.